THIOREDOXIN PEROXIDASE SECRETED BY ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS (SENSU STRICTO) PROMOTES THE ALTERNATIVE ACTIVATION OF MACROPHAGES VIA PI3K/AKT/MTOR PATHWAY

Abstract Background Larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) dwell in host organs for a long time but elicit only a mild inflammatory response, which indicates that the resolution of host inflammation is necessary for parasite survival.The recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) has been observed in a variety of helminth inf

Analyzing the nutritional and defensive chemistry of Quercus rugosa provides insight Apricot Kernel into gall wasp interactions.Quercus rugosa is the most widely distributed white oak species in Mexico.It is the dominant canopy species in its geographic distribution range and has the largest number of associated gall wasp species (Cynipidae: Cynipi

We explore the thesis that stochasticity in successional-disturbance systems can be an agent of species extinction.The analysis uses a simple model of patch dynamics for seral stages in an idealized landscape; each seral stage is assumed to support a specialist biota.The landscape as a whole is characterized by a mean patch birth rate, mean patch s

Herbivory is a major fitness pressure for plants and a key driver of crop losses in agroecosystems.Dense monocultures are expected to favor specialist herbivorous insects, particularly those who primarily consume crop species; yet, levels and types of herbivory are not uniform within regional cropping systems.It is essential to determine which loca